Antonio Carneiro's lease of the Benin trade expires

Carneiro's four-year lease of the Benin trade expired in 1518, his profits squeezed between rising prices, the demands of the Oba, and interloping from São Tomé. The king of Portugal revoked all trade leases in March 1518 intending to conduct trade directly through crown officials. New instructions reorganising trade on these lines were issued in February 1519 to take effect at the end of that year, with São Tomé as the base for what was officially called "our slave trade in the island of São Tomé."