Muslims seize control of Ilorin; emirate under Sokoto Caliphate established

Around 1823, six years after the initial rebellion, Muslims seized full control of Ilorin, which became an emirate of the Sokoto Caliphate under the immediate authority of the Emir of Gwandu. An Ilorin Arabic document—a letter from 'Abdullah, Emir of Gwandu, to 'Abd al-Salam, Emir of Ilorin, dated 1829—survives and deals with the illegality of castration. The Ilorin emirate then became a major military threat to the remaining Oyo kingdom.